Taking of Medical and Ocular History

Vision Testing

Objective Refraction

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Obtaining prescription without patient's responses. Vital for children and patients with speech difficulty

Subjective Refraction

Obtaining prescription with patient's responses

Colour Vision Testing

Stereopsis (3-D Perception)

Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility Assessment

Pupillary Reflex –

Neurological Test

External Eye Examination –

using Slit Lamp Biomicroscope for the screening of eye problems affecting the outer eye structures.

Internal Eye Examination

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a. Funduscopy – using Direct or Indirect Ophthalmoscope

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b. Fundus Photography

Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Analysis using OCT or Other Technologies

Measurement of Corneal Curvature (for contact lens fitting) – using Keratometer or Topographer (optional for normal contact lens fitting, but extremely important for the fitting of specialty contact lenses)

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a.  Measurement of corneal curvature with Keratometer or

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b.  Measurement of corneal contour with Topographer

Measurement of Internal Eye Pressure (IOP)

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a.  Non Contact Tonometry

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b.  Applanation Tonometry

Visual Field Analysis

Diagnosis and Management Options